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Pain Resources
What is Pain
Pain Management
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How to treat Pain, Headache, and Muscle Relaxant
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Acupuncture: Chinese practice of inserting needles into
the skin at specific points of the body to relieve pain.
Acute Pain : Often short-live with a specific cause and
purpose; generally produces no persistent psychological
reaction. Acute pain can occur during soft tissue injury, and
with infection and inflammation. It can be relieved by treating
its cause and through combined use of analgesics to treat the
pain and antibiotics to treat the infection.
Addiction: Psychological or emotional dependence on the
effects of a drug.
Algology: The science and study of pain phenomena.
Analgesia: Absence of pain in response to stimulation
that would normally be painful. Healthcare professionals often
use this term to mean hypoalgesia, a reduction in the intensity
of pain that occurs in response to a normally painful stimulus.
Analgesics: Medicines used to relieve pain.
Anesthesia: Total or partial loss of sensation,
especially tactile sensibility, induced by disease, injury,
acupuncture or anesthetic.
Anesthesiologist: Physician who specializes in giving
drugs or other agents that prevent or relieve pain.
Anesthesiology: The medical specialty concerned with the
pharmacological, physiological and clinical basis of anesthesia,
including resuscitation, intensive respiratory care and pain
management.
Angina Pectoris: A recurring pain or discomfort in the
chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive
enough blood. It is a common symptom of coronary heart disease (CHD),
which occurs when vessels that carry blood to the heart become
narrowed and blocked due to atherosclerosis. It is usually
relieved within a few minutes by resting or by taking prescribed
angina medicine.
Anticonvulsant: A drug used to prevent or relieves
seizures.
Antidepressant: A drug used to prevent or treat
depression.
Anti-inflammatory: A drug that reduces inflammation and
the redness, heat, swelling and increased blood flow found in
infections and many chronic inflammatory diseases such as
rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
Anxiolytic or (anti-anxiety): A drug whose most common
use and intended therapeutic effect is to control or prevent
anxiety.
Arthralgia: Pain in a joint, usually due to arthritis or
arthropathy, a disease or abnormality of a joint.
Arthritis: Pain, inflammation, and stiffness in a joint
or joints. The two most common forms are osteoarthritis or
rheumatoid arthritis.
Causalogia: A persistent, severe burning sensation of the
skin, usually following injury to a peripheral nerve.
Central Pain: Pain associated with a lesion of the
central nervous system.
Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer medications.
Chronic Pain: Distinctly different from and more complex
than acute pain. Pain that continues a month or more beyond the
usual recovery period for an illness or injury or pain that goes
on over months or years as a result of a chronic condition. It
may be continuous or come and go.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Also known as Reflex
Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), is a chronic pain disorder
involving the sympathetic nervous system. It usually is the
result of an injury or trauma, but can also be a complication of
surgery, infection, casting or splinting and myocardial
infraction (heart attack).
Cordotomy: Surgery to cut some of the fibers of the
spinal cord in order to relieve pain.
Deafferentation: Pain due to loss of sensory input into
the central nervous system.
Distraction: A pain relief method that involves taking
the attention away from the pain.
Duration of Action: The length of time that the effect of
a medicine lasts.
Dysesthesia: An abnormal and unpleasant sensation that is
either spontaneous or evoked.
Epidural Injection: The administration of medication into
the epidural space, (into the spinal column but outside of the
spinal cord). It is used to treat swelling, pain, and
inflammation associated with neurological conditions that affect
nerve roots, such as a herniated disk and radiculopathy.
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: Is seen in 10-40 percent of
patients who undergo back surgery. It is characterized by
intractable pain and varying degrees of functional
incapacitation occurring after spine surgery.
Headache: A pain in the head from any cause. Tension
headaches and migraine headaches account for 90% for all
headaches. A migraine is a complex of symptoms that presents
clinically as episodes of severe headache with associated
features, such as photophobia (abnormal sensitivity to light),
nausea and emesis.
Herniated Disk: The protrusion of the jelly-like
substance in the center of an disk. If the substance pokes out
far enough to irritate a nerve, it can cause pain in your back,
leg or both. Though it can follow a single, traumatic event,
disk herniation is usually the result of a gradual, age-related,
degenerative process. Herniated disks are most common in the
lumbar spine.
Hyperalgesia: Extreme sensitivity to pain.
Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to stimulation.
Hyperpathia: A painful syndrome, characterized by
increased reaction to a stimulus, especially a repetitive
stimulus, as well as an increased threshold.
Hypoalgesia: Diminished sensitivity to pain.
Hypoesthesia: Diminished sensitivity to stimulation,
excluding special senses.
Imagery: A method of pain control that uses mental images
produced by memory or imagination.
IV Infusion: Administration of (pain) medication directly
into the bloodstream via a vein.
Interventional Pain Management: An effort to
"intervene" in the body's production and or
transmission of a pain signal to the brain. In most cases, this
means identifying and treating the underlying cause of a
particular pain or pain complex and by virtue of encouraging the
healing process, the pain is subusequently reduced or resolved.
Local Anesthetic: A drug that blocks nerve conduction in
the region where it is applied.
Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the
body to another.
Morphine: A bitter crystalline alkaloid extracted from
opium, the soluble salts of which are used in medicine as an
alalgesic a light anesthetic, or a sedative.
Musculoskeletal Pain: Pain originating within the
musculoskeletal system, such as pain from arthritic conditions,
painful muscle condition, broken bones, torn ligaments and
tendons and pain of spinal disc origin.
MRI: An imaging technique based on a computer analysis of
the response of atoms of hydrogen, phosphorous or other elements
to a generated magnetic field and radio signal: used to produced
electronic images of specific atoms and molecular structures in
solids, especially human cells, tissues and organs.
Narcotic Analgesic: Pain relieving drug related in action
and structure to the opiates.
Nerve Block: Pain relief method in which an anesthetic is
injected into a nerve.
Neuralgia: Severe sharp pain along the course of a nerve.
Neuritis: Inflammation of a nerve or group of nerves that
is characterized by pain, loss of reflexes and atrophy of the
affected muscles.
Neuroblative Therapy: The use of various injectable
substances such as alcohol and phenol or the use of controlled
heat or cold to render the nervous system unable to transmit a
pain signal.
Neuropathic Pain: Any pain originating from the central
nervous system, especially pain affecting the cranial or spinal
nerves.
Neuropathy: A disturbance of function or pathologic
changes in a nerve: in one nerve, mononeurphathy: in several
nerves, mononeuropathy multiplex: if summetrical and bilateral,
polyneuropathy.
Nociceptor: A sensory receptor that responds to pain.
Onset of Action: Length of time it takes for a medicine
to start to work.
Opiate: Narcotic pain-relieving drug chemically related
to Opium.
Osteoarthritis: A form of arthritis characterized by
chronic degeneration of the cartilage of the joints.
Pain Management: In cases where the pain pathology has no
ability to heal despite medical or surgical therapy, treatment
takes on the form of "pain management" which seeks to
reduce symptoms.
Pain Threshold: The least experience of pain that a
subject can recognize.
Pain Tolerance Level: The greatest level of pain that a
subject is able to tolerate.
Paresthesia: An abnormal burning or prickling sensation
which is generally felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but
may occur in any part of the body. The sensation, which arises
spontaneously without apparent stimulus and is usually not
painful, may also be described as tingling or numbness, skin
crawling, buzzing, or itching.
Physical Therapy: The health profession that treats pain
in muscles, nerves, joints, and bones with exercise, electrical
stimulation, hydrotherapy and the use of massage, heat and cold.
Radiculalgia: Pain along the distribution of one or more
sensory nerve roots.
Radiculitis: Inflammation of one or more nerve roots.
Radiculopathy: A disturbance of function or pathologic
change in one or more nerve roots.
Referred Pain: Pain that is felt in a part of the body at
a distance from its area of origin.
Regional Anesthesia: Blocking the nerve supply to part of
the body, such as an arm, so the patient cannot feel pain in
that area.
Advance Medical Directives
Advance directives are used to give other people, including health care
providers, information about your wishes for medical care. Advance directives
are important in case there is ever a time when you are not physically
or mentally able to speak for yourself and make your wishes known. The
most common types of advance directives are the living will and the durable
power of attorney for health care.
Allodynia
When pain is caused by something that does not normally cause pain (such
as clothing touching the skin).
Analgesic Medications
Medications used to prevent or treat pain.
Antidepressant
Medications used to treat depression, and also used to treat chronic pain.
Antidepressants can also be helpful for pain-related symptoms, like sleep
problems and muscle spasms.
Anxiolytic
Medications used to treat anxiety, and also used to treat chronic pain.
Anxiolytics reduce pain-related anxiety, help relax muscles and can help
a person cope with pain.
Bereavement
The act of grieving someone's death.
Caregiver
Any person who provides care for the physical and emotional needs of a
family member or friend.
Causalgia (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome II)
Pain, usually burning, that is associated with autonomic changes -- change
in color of the skin, change in temperature, change in sweating, swelling.
Causalgia occurs after a nerve injury.
Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord.
Clinical Trials
Carefully planned and monitored experiments to test a new drug or treatment.
Complementary Medicine
Approaches to medical treatment that are outside of mainstream medical
training. Complementary medicine treatments used for pain include: acupuncture,
low-level laser therapy, meditation, aroma therapy, Chinese medicine,
dance therapy, music therapy, massage, herbalism, therapeutic touch, yoga,
osteopathy, chiropractic treatments, naturopathy, and homeopathy.
Computed Tomography (CT/CAT) Scanning
A painless technique used to produce a picture of a cross-section, or
"slice," of a part of the body. X-rays are used to produce this
picture.
Constipation
Difficulty having a bowel movement.
Delirium
A disturbance of the brain function that causes confusion and changes
in alertness, attention, thinking and reasoning, memory, emotions, sleeping
patterns and coordination. These symptoms may start suddenly, are due
to some type of medical problem, and they may get worse or better multiple
times.
Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders
Instructions written by a doctor telling other healthcare providers not
to try to restart a patient's heart, using cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) or other related treatments, if his/her heart stops beating. Usually,
DNR orders are written after a discussion between a doctor and the patient
and/or family members. DNR orders are written for people who are very
unlikely to have a successful result from CPR -- those who are terminally
ill or those who are elderly and frail.
Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPOAHC)
A legal document that specifies one or more individuals (called a health
care proxy) you would like to make medical decisions for you if you are
unable to do so yourself.
Dyspnea
Difficulty in breathing.
End-of-Life Care
Doctors and caregivers provide care to patients approaching the end of
life that is focused on comfort, respect for decisions, support for the
family, and treatments to help psychological and spiritual concerns.
Entitlement
A federal program (such as Social Security or unemployment benefits) that
guarantees a certain level of benefits to those who meet requirements
set by law.
EPEC (Education for Physicians on End-of-Life
Care)
A project designed to educate physicians across the United States about
providing good end-of-life care for patients. EPEC includes a curriculum
used to train doctors in clinical knowledge and skills they need to care
for dying patients.
Ethics
A system of moral principles and rules that are used as standards for
professional conduct. Many hospitals and other health care facilities
have ethics committees that can help doctors, other healthcare providers,
patients and family members in making difficult decisions regarding medical
care.
Fatigue
A feeling of becoming tired easily, being unable to complete usual activity,
feeling weak, and difficulty concentrating.
Fibromyalgia
A pain disorder in which a person feels widespread pain and stiffness
in the muscles, fatigue, and other symptoms.
Hospice
A special way of caring for people with terminal illnesses and their families
by meeting the patient’s physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
needs, as well as the needs of the family. The goals of hospice are to
keep the patient as comfortable as possible by relieving pain and other
symptoms; to prepare for a death that follows the wishes and needs of
the patient; and to reassure both the patient and family members by helping
them to understand and manage what is happening.
Hospice Home Care
Most hospice patients receive care while living in their homes. Home hospice
patients have family members or friends who provide most of their care,
with help and support from the trained hospice team. The hospice team
visits at the house to provide medical and nursing care, emotional support,
counseling, information, instruction and practical help. A home care aide
may also be available to help with daily care, if needed.
Hyperalgesia
Extreme sensitivity to pain.
Hyperpathia
An exaggerated response to something that causes pain, with continued
pain after the cause of the pain is no longer present.
Informed Consent
The process of making decisions about medical care that are based on open,
honest communication between the health care provider and the patient
and/or the patient's family members.
Living Will
A legal document which outlines the kinds of medical care a patient wants
and doesn't want. The living will is used only if the patient becomes
unable to make decisions for him/herself.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A painless technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves (without
radiation) to create clear cross-sectional pictures of the body.
Myofascial Pain
Muscle pain and tenderness.
Nerve Blocks
Injections of anesthetic (or numbing) substances into nerves in order
to reduce pain.
Nutrition/Hydration
Intravenous (IV) fluid and nutritional supplements given to patients who
are unable to eat or drink by mouth, or those who are dehydrated or malnourished.
Opioid
A type of medication related to opium. Opioids are strong analgesics.
Opioids include morphine, codeine, and a large number of synthetic (man-made)
drugs like methadone and fentanyl.
Pain
An unpleasant feeling that may or may not be related to an injury, illness,
or other bodily trauma. Pain is complex and differs from person to person.
Acute Pain
Pain that has a known cause and occurs for a limited time. Acute pain
usually responds to treatment with analgesic medications and treatment
of the cause of the pain.
Chronic Pain
Pain that occurs for more than one month after healing of an injury, that
occurs repeatedly over months, or is due to a lesion that is not expected
to heal.
Pain Due to Nerve Injury
Pain caused by an injury or other problem in the nervous system.
Palliative Care
The total care of patients with progressive, incurable illness. In palliative
care, the focus of care is on quality of life. Control of pain and other
physical symptoms, and psychological, social and spiritual problems is
considered most important.
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
Pain medication given through an IV or epidural catheter. Patients control
the dose of medication they take, depending on how much is needed to control
the pain. PCA is usually used for patients recovering from intra-abdominal,
major orthopedic, or thoracic surgery, and for chronic pain states, such
as those due to cancer.
Peripheral Nervous System
The nerves throughout the body that send messages to the central nervous
system.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Pain caused by an injury or other problem with the peripheral nervous
system.
Phantom Pain
Pain that develops after an amputation. To the patient, the pain feels
like it is coming from the missing body part.
Pharmacotherapy
The treatment of diseases and symptoms with medications.
Physician Assisted Suicide
Actions by a doctor that help a patient commit suicide. Though the doctor
may provide medication, a prescription, or take other steps, the patient
takes his/her own life (for instance, by swallowing the pills that are
expected to bring about death).
Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN)
Painful condition following shingles (herpes zoster).
Psychological Approaches
Techniques used to help patients cope with over their pain and deal with
emotional factors that can increase pain. Such strategies include biofeedback,
imagery, hypnosis, relaxation training, stress management, cognitive-behavioral
therapy, and family counseling.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (Complex Regional
Pain Syndrome I)
Pain, usually burning, that is associated with "autonomic changes"
-- change in color of the skin, change in temperature, change in sweating,
swelling. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is caused by injury to bone, joint,
or soft tissues.
Rehabilitation
Treatment for an injury, illness, or pain with the goal of restoring function.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A disorder of the trigeminal nerve that causes brief attacks of severe
pain in the lips, cheeks, gums, or chin on one side of the face.
Treatment Withdrawal
A syndrome that might occur when a medication that has been used regularly
to treat pain is no longer used, or when the dose is decreased. Showing
symptoms of withdrawal does not mean that a patient is addicted to his/her
pain medication.
Relaxation Therapy: Methods used to lessen tension,
reduce anxiety and thereby reduce pain.
Rheumatism: Any of several pathological conditions of the
muscles, tendons, joints, bones, or nerves, characterized by
discomfort and disability. [Example= Rheumatoid Arthritis].
Rhizotomy: Surgical severance of spinal nerve roots to
relieve pain or hypertension.
Side Effect: A peripheral or secondary effect, especially
an undesirable secondary effect of a drug or therapy.
Somatosensory: Sensory signals from all tissues of the
body including skin, viscera, muscles, and joints.
Stage: The extent of a disease's progression.
Subcutaneous: Under the skin.
Tolerance: Decreasing effect of a drug with the same dose
or the need to increase the dose to maintain the same effect.
Tranquilizer: Any of various drugs used to reduce tension
or anxiety; an antianxiety agent.
Trigger Point: A hypersensitive area or site in muscle or
connective tissue at which touch or pressure will elicit pain.
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